Nearly 70% of the people of Andhra Pradesh State live in rural areas even to this day. In spite of having a large education infrastructure with nearly half a dozen special schemes and programmes dedicated to improve the quality of education among the rural children, nothing substantial has been achieved because the schools are not in a position to achieve their objectives due to the irregularity of their set-up, low levels of passion, zeal and enthusiasm among the teachers and the entailing poor quality of teaching. With regard to current topic of interest, i.e. Human Resource Development (HRD) as I understand it in a larger sense connotes ‘a livable housing, an unpolluted environment, good health care, right to quality education, right to employment and earning, right to quality food, drinking water and clothing, right to dignified living through gender equity, social equity, economic equity, political equity and cultural equity and right to enhanced physical and mental abilities’. To achieve all the above-mentioned rights, both, the state as well as each of the individuals have some primary responsibilities. The State has a primary responsibility of making provisions for ‘improving the knowledge levels, skills and abilities of human beings so as to make them productive agents’. And individuals have a responsibility to use the said facilities to acquire such knowledge, skills and abilities as their fundamental right. In this context, constraints are bound to be faced by both the State as well as the individuals. Let me begin with the problems at state level. To understand the constraints faced by the state, let me narrate the conundrum between rural literacy and skills. To understand this conundrum, one must first understand three important characteristics of rural population of Andhra Pradesh-population growth rate, literacy levels and employable skills of Andhra Pradesh.